Sources used to calculate 108 Billion Tons of Proven Reserves of Atmopsheric Carbon required to reduce Atmopsheric Levels of CO2 from 427 to 350ppm.
1. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospher…
Atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia
The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr; 14.6959 psi; 760.00 mmHg). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10^18^ kg (1.13494×10^19^ lb), about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea-level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the...
2. Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Petrology & Volcanology
blogs.egu.eu/divisions/gmpv…
Volcanism, anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, and mass ...
Only a very small fraction of the energy produced by nuclear fusion in the Sun (3.82 x 1023 kW) reaches the top of the Earth’s atmosphere (1.7 x 1014 kW), and then only about 50% of it reaches the Earth surface, where it is absorbed by the oceans and land. This energy is radiated back as longwave infrared radiation, which is partially absorbed and after reradiated downward to the surface by the greenhouse gases residing in the atmosphere. The most abundant gases in the Earth’s atmosphere capable of absorbing infrared radiation are, in decreasing order of atmospheric mole fraction, water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases. Circa 50% of the greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor. However, this vapor is not considered as a climate change driver, given the small human influence on its atmospheric concentration and its small residence time (» 9 days), that partially translates in a 100-year effective GWP (Global Warming Potential; GWP-100) of −0.001 to +0.0005 for the total anthropogenic emissions. Although the GWP-100 of CO2 is 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than that of other greenhouse gases (e.g., 28 times lower than methane), the exceedingly higher volumes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions make it the most effective (> 75%) human-generated greenhouse gas contributing to radiative forcing and, thus, to global warming. The present-day (May 2024) CO2 content of the atmosphere is 427 ppm, which, given an atmospheric mass of 5.15 x 1018 kg, corresponds to ca. 2.20 x 1015 kg of carbon dioxide nowadays residing in the atmosphere. CO2 concentration has been continuously rising since the beginning of industrial era, depicting 49.8% increase between 1850 (285 ppm) and the present day. This goes in hand with the increase of both anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which reached 3.68 X 1013 kg in 2023, and the increased global mean temperature, which in 2023 became 1.48ºC warmer than the mean 1850-1900 pre-industrial level, and 0.60ºC higher than the 1991-2020 average. This led the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assign the fundamental role of increasing anthropogenic CO2 to global warming. The role of volcanism to the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is addressed below. VOLCANISM AND MASS EXTINTIONS A CO2 flux of 6.9 X 1010 kg.a-1 was estimated for subaerial volcanism, reaching a global upper limit of 2.5 x 1011 kg.a-1 if including submarine volcanism. This combined value corresponds to a yearly CO2 volcanic addition to the atmosphere of a volume equalling »0.05 ppm. In the last 174 years (1850 – 2024) the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere increased by 142 ppm (see above), while the CO2 volcanic addition in the same period, assuming a constant volume of emissions, would correspond to only »8 ppm. Plinian column from May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (USA). Photo: Robert Krimmel. However, volcanic activity is not uniformly distributed over time. Indeed, Earth’s history has been punctuated by the formation of the Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), characterized by huge volumes of magmatic rocks (frequently > 1 x 106 km3) generated during short periods of time (typically < 5 Ma). In the last ca. 500 Ma of the Earth’s evolution 5 mass extinctions took place leading to the disappearance of more than 75% of species each time, in short (few Ma) geological periods. These events occurred at approximately 444 Ma (86% of species lost), 360 Ma (75%…), 250 Ma (96%…), 200 Ma (80%…) and 65 Ma (76%…), defining the end of the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous geological periods, respectively. A temporal link between the Phanerozoic LIP events and these mass extinctions has been demonstrated, with the most robust correlations being associated with Siberian Traps (252 Ma), the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP; 201 Ma) and the Deccan Traps (66 Ma). Whilst these correlations exist, they do not prove that mass extinctions are exclusively driven by such huge magmatic events. For example, it has been long suggested that the K/Pg extinction was a consequence of the 66 Ma Chicxulub impact, or at least to the combined effect of the LIP and the impact. The climate forcing caused by LIP events has been considered highly probable, with temperature increases, directly or indirectly caused by CO2 and CH4 emissions, up to 15ºC. Among the pairs that pass the filter of Hg (a proxy used to determine magmatic contributions to the sedimentary record) is the CAMP – end of Triassic mass extinction, the causal link being considered indisputable. The CAMP is thus an ideal candidate to draw comparisons between LIP-derived and anthropogenic-derived CO2 greenhouse emissions and establish the potential impact of the latter. Central Atlantic Magmatic Province at Middle Atlas (Morocco). Photo: Andrea Marzoli; CC license. CO2 anthropogenic emissions surpass that of LIPs Several attempts have been made to estimate the CO2 delivered by LIP events. A recent one took profit of the increasingly accurate knowledge of volcanic ages and it was based on a study of CO2 imprisoned in fluid inclusions of CAMP basalts (Capriolo et al., 2022). Melt inclusions with exsolved bubbles of CO2 hosted in CAMP clinopyroxenes from a) Nova Scotia (Canada) and b) Morocco. Capriolo et al., (2020). The CAMP was erupted and intruded in continental crust during a time lapse of 4 Ma, occupying an area of 107 km2 with a volume of 5-6 x 106 km3 , plumbing system included. Taking into account the mass extinction dated at 201.654 ±0.015 Ma, this has been linked to the 1st and main CAMP volcanic phase (201.6 – 201.5 Ma). Indeed, fluid inclusions studies have provided strong evidence that, during this 1st phase, a total of 2.9 x 104 Gt of CO2 were emitted to the atmosphere, which would have had a key role on triggering the climate/environmental changes leading to the mass extinction event. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions. CC license. In 2023, 37.4 Gt of CO2 were emitted by human activities alone, which maintaining the same level of emissions, would correspond to 3.74 x 105 Gt of CO2 in 0.1 Ma, i.e. around 13 times the CO2 delivered by the CAMP during its main phase (which lasted 0.1 Ma). As a consequence of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, we are presently faced with high extinction rates and population declines of many species, which has been considered as highlighting the start of a new mass extinction event.
3. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/fact…
Earth Fact Sheet - the NSSDCA - NASA
Model GSFC-1283 Dipole field strength: 0.306 Gauss-Re 3Dipole offset: 0.076 Re Surface (1 Re) field strength: 0.24 - 0.66 Gauss Geomagnetic Poles - Model WMM2020 Geocentric Dipole: 80.65 N, 72.68 W Magnetic North Pole: 86.50 N, 164.04 E Re denotes Earth model radius, here defined to be 6,378 km Surface pressure: 1014 mb Surface density: 1.217 kg/m 3Scale height: 8.5 km Total mass of atmosphere: 5.1 x 10 18kg Total mass of hydrosphere: 1.4 x 10 21kg Average temperature: 288 K (15 C) Diurnal...
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Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_di…
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth - Wikipedia
(Redirected from Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere) In the atmosphere of Earth, carbon dioxide is a trace gas that plays an integral part in the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, photosynthesis, and oceanic carbon cycle. It is one of three main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of Earth. The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO~2~) in the atmosphere reached 427 ppm (0.0427%) on a molar basis in 2024, representing 3341 gigatonnes of CO~2~. This is an increase of 50% since the start of the...
Encyclopedia Britannica
britannica.com/story/how-much…
How Much Does Earth's Atmosphere Weigh? - Britannica
That weight on your shoulders could be the air that you breathe.
ui.adsabs.harvard
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966JGR...…
The total mass of the Earth's atmosphere - ADS
AMETSOC
journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/…
The Mass of the Atmosphere: A Constraint on Global Analyses in
Abstract The total mass of the atmosphere varies mainly from changes in water vapor loading; the former is proportional to global mean surface pressure and the water vapor component is computed directly from specific humidity and precipitable water using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analyses (ERA-40). Their difference, the mass of the dry atmosphere, is estimated to be constant for the equivalent surface pressure to within 0.01 hPa based on changes in atmospheric composition. Global reanalyses satisfy this constraint for monthly means for 1979–2001 with a standard deviation of 0.065 hPa. New estimates of the total mass of the atmosphere and its dry component, and their corresponding surface pressures, are larger than previous estimates owing to new topography of the earth’s surface that is 5.5 m lower for the global mean. Global mean total surface pressure is 985.50 hPa, 0.9 hPa higher than previous best estimates. The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 1018 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 1015 kg depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; this is somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27 × 1016 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ± 0.0003 × 1018 kg. The water vapor contribution varies with an annual cycle of 0.29-hPa, a maximum in July of 2.62 hPa, and a minimum in December of 2.33 hPa, although the total global surface pressure has a slightly smaller range. During the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Niño events, water vapor amounts and thus total mass increased by about 0.1 hPa in surface pressure or 0.5 × 1015 kg for several months. Some evidence exists for slight decreases following the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 and also for upward trends associated with increasing global mean temperatures, but uncertainties due to the changing observing system compromise the evidence. The physical constraint of conservation of dry air mass is violated in the reanalyses with increasing magnitude prior to the assimilation of satellite data in both ERA-40 and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalyses. The problem areas are shown to occur especially over the Southern Oceans. Substantial spurious changes are also found in surface pressures due to water vapor, especially in the Tropics and subtropics prior to 1979.
Live Science
livescience.com/planet-earth/w…
Why aren't we crushed by the weight of Earth's atmosphere?
Earth's atmosphere is heavy, so why doesn't it weigh us down more?
youtube
youtube.com/watch?v=t45CpX…
Let's Calculate the Mass of Earth's Atmosphere - YouTube
In this video, we calculate the mass of Earth's atmosphere as well as the mass of a column of air stretching from Earth's surface to the top of the atmosphere. Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCimavWTT92eep-tiGg-cAuA/join Atmospheric science playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbgLMLcfdS87EbS0lL0U2zDhcuaEL3DlJ Wind energy playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbgLMLcfdS87hBG2S2RigjjKmMYJTfhS8 Wind engineering playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbgLMLcfdS86nH2k3Io-3koqD-uDr8r_7 Channel's mission: --------- The dissemination of knowledge and advancement of learning by providing high-quality content in the fields of atmospheric science, wind engineering, and wind energy. --------- Link to PayPal donation: https://www.paypal.me/DjordjeRomanic Stay in the atmosphere! See you in the next video. Cheers! #AtmosphericScience #WindEngineering #WindEnergy
NOAA Climate.gov
climate.gov/news-features/…
Climate change: atmospheric carbon dioxide
In the past 60 years, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased 100-200 times faster than it did during the end of the last ice age.
Astronomy Stack Exchange
astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/4004…
How do we get to know the total mass of an atmosphere?
Since atmospheres don't end abruptly but gradually get thinner the higher you go, I wonder how we can get the total mass of an atmosphere if we don't know where exactly it ends. E.g. the Earth's
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_di…
Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It absorbs and emits infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies. The two wavelengths are 4.26 μm (2,347 cm^−1^) (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 μm (667 cm^−1^) (bending vibrational mode). CO~2~ plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared region between 200 and 2500 cm^−1^, as opposed to...
courses.lumenlearning
courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-astronomy…
Earth's Atmosphere | Astronomy - Lumen Learning
climate.nasa
climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ca…
Carbon Dioxide | Vital Signs – Climate Change - NASA
co2
co2.earth/daily-co2
Daily CO2 - Earth's CO2
noaa
noaa.gov/news-release/d…
During a year of extremes, carbon dioxide levels surge faster than ever
svs.gsfc.nasa
svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5196
DYAMOND Global Carbon Dioxide - NASA SVS
nature
nature.com/articles/s4159…
Atmospheric CO2 during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period ... - Nature
More Results
MIT Climate Portal
climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-mu…
How much carbon dioxide would we have to remove from the air to counteract climate change?
If we relied on carbon removal alone, we would need to sequester around 20 billion tons of CO2 a year to balance out our emissions—an incredibly tall order.
youtube
youtube.com/watch?v=KJlzmd…
How Much CO2 Should Be Removed?!
❓ How much carbon dioxide (CO2) should be removed? 📅 In 2023 there was an average of 421 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 in the atmosphere. 👩🏫 Let's crunch the numbers! ⚖️ 1 ppm of CO2 = 7.8 gigatons (Gt) of CO2 This means: ☁️ Every time another 7.8 Gt of CO2 is emitted into AND stays in the atmosphere (does not get absorbed by plants, soil or water) the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increases by 1 ppm. ⬇️ Experts say we need to get down to at least 350 ppm for the effects of climate change to start to stabilize. Ideally, we should get down to 280 ppm though. ⚛️ If we are currently at 421 ppm and need to get down to at least 350 ppm, that means we need to reduce the atmospheric concentration of CO2 by 71 ppm. ❌ We know that 1 ppm = 7.8 Gt. If we need to reduce the atmospheric concentration of CO2 by 71 ppm then that means we need to remove 554 Gt of CO2. 🎞️ Watch this short reel to learn more and share with friends! 🔗 Also, be sure to follow Clever Carbon and check out our website: https://clevercarbon.io Sources: 1. https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/faq_cat-3.html 2. https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-the-world-passed-a-carbon-threshold-400ppm-and-why-it-matters 3. https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-much-carbon-dioxide-would-we-have-remove-air-counteract-climate-change 4. https://netzeroclimate.org/greenhouse-gas-removal/ #carbonfootprint #gigaton #gigatons #gigatonnes # co2 #carbondioxide #emissions #co2concentration #themoreyouknow #climatedata #climate #climateaction #data #carbonremoval #co2removal #ppm
World Resources Institute
wri.org/insights/6-way…
6 Ways to Remove Carbon Pollution from the Atmosphere
To prevent the worst impacts of climate change, we'll need to remove carbon dioxide from the sky in addition to reducing emissions.
State of the Planet
news.climate.columbia.edu/2018/11/27/car…
Can Removing Carbon From the Atmosphere Save Us From Climate Catastrophe?
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says that limiting global warming to 1.5˚C will require removing CO2 from the atmosphere. How feasible is this?
Livermore_Lab
llnl.gov/article/50686/…
New analysis outlines national opportunities to remove CO2 at the gigaton scale
“Roads to Removal: Options for Carbon Dioxide Removal in the United States,” charts a path for the United States to achieve a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) economy by 2050, helping to ensure the nation’s climate security and resilience by cleaning up Earth’s atmosphere and addressing the root cause of climate change. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers, along with scientists from more than a dozen institutions, have completed a first-of-its-kind high-resolution assessment...
World Economic Forum
weforum.org/stories/2017/0…
Cutting emissions isn't enough, we need to start removing carbon from the atmosphere
Studies suggest that staying within safe warming levels now requires removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Inside Climate News
insideclimatenews.org/news/06102016/…
Removing CO2 From the Air Only Hope for Fixing Climate Change, New Study Says - Inside Climate News
The only way to keep young people from inheriting a world reeling from catastrophic climate change is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions dramatically and immediately, according to a new paper. Not only that, but it’s also necessary to aggressively remove greenhouse gas that’s already accumulated. “If rapid emission reductions are initiated soon, it is still […]
climate.mit
climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-ca…
How can such a small amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—only around 420 parts per million—cause so much warming?
carbon2018.globalchange
carbon2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/1
Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report: Chapter 1: Overview of the Global Carbon Cycle
climate.mit
climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-mu…
How much carbon dioxide does the Earth naturally absorb?